"George Russell's Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization is a systematic method that categorizes tensions in gradations.
When one encounters a C7 chord, there are several possible sets of notes (scales) that can be drawn from to build a melodic line on top of that chord. The Lydian Chromatic Concept establishes the second degree of a Lydian scale as being the primary location for dominant seventh chords. So the scales will all have C as their second degree.
Bb Lydian (Bb, C, D, E, F, G, A, Bb)
Bb Lydian Augmented (Bb, C, D, E, F#, G, A, Bb)
Bb Lydian Diminished (Bb, C, Db, E, F, G, A, Bb)
Bb Auxiliary Diminished (Bb, C, Db, Eb, E, F#, G, A, Bb)
Bb Auxiliary Augmented (Bb, C, D, E, F#, G#, Bb)
There are other locations where a dominant seventh chord can be found, and therefore other possible scales, but lets stop here.
Each scale has a color or degree of tension and one varies the tension by which set of notes is chosen to accompany each chord.
Many others have borrowed the chord/scale relationships but apply them in an almost random manner. There is a reason why the scales aren't F major or C mixolydian, G melodic minor, or whatever. Every scale listed above contains the tritone - the most important interval of the concept - between the I and #IV degrees."